COSMIC TIME CYCLES
(An examination of
cyclic events)
Essay by William
Hamilton III
April 18, 2005
Introduction
First, we will have to ask ourselves, “what is
time?” and how does one travel through time at a rate of speed slower or faster
than the ticking of a clock. This is not
a question that we are going to answer any time soon as some of the greatest
minds in philosophy, physics, and psychology have grappled with it. We experience time as one of the fundamental
things in our lives, but it is so basic to our experience that it is difficult
to define it in physical terms.
One definition of time is the continuum of experience in
which events pass from the future through the present to the past. But that does not tell us much. How about, the time as given by a clock;
"do you know what time it is?"; "the time is 10 o'clock. That still doesn’t tell us what the clock is
measuring. Let’s get more sophisticated.
Time is the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions)
to specify a physical event. Now we are
getting more specific, more mathematical, but it still doesn’t tell us what
time is.
I
will attempt to give an operating definition here, one that is useful in
understanding time travel. Time is a
measurement of motion. To measure time
we need periodic and repetitious motion.
The earth orbiting the sun is one periodic motion that repeats itself
that we use to measure time. The
rotation of the earth on its axis is another motion we use to measure
time. Sometimes these motions depart
from exact repetition even if just by a second.
We can call any instrument used to measure time a clock. We are always searching for clocks of greater
precision which means that during each cycle of the clock there is little
deviation from period to period.
We
have a periodic motion of the earth with its diurnal rotation on its axis. At the same time the earth advances in an
elliptical orbit around the sun which makes a difference in time between a
solar and a sidereal day. The whole
solar system is then proceeding on a journey around the galaxy in what may be a
sinusoidal orbit which has a period in a range of 220 to 250 million
years which is a long time so get a psychic reading by phone
It would be useful to pinpoint
our position in this galactic cycle as well as determine our path of travel and
rate of travel in order to map out a timeline of critical events in the
historical record against this great galactic year herein referred to as a Cosmic
Year. If we can consider this
Cosmic Year to be a grand cycle, and other periodic motions as minor cycles and
certain intersection points as major cycles, we may be able to predict future
events using a cyclic time map.
The Grand Cycle
(from the Physics Factbook on the
web)
The
sun is one of hundreds of billion of stars in our galaxy, the Milky Way. The
galaxy is composed of gaseous interstellar medium, neutral or ionized,
sometimes concentrated into dense gas clouds made up of atoms molecules, and
dust. All of the matter -- gas, dust, and stars -- rotate around a central axis
perpendicular to the galactic plane. The centrifugal force caused by the
rotation balances out the gravitational force, which draw all the matter toward
the center.
The
mass is located within the circle of the Sun's orbit through the galaxy is
about 100 billion times the mass of the Sun. Because the Sun is about average
in mass, astronomers have concluded that the galaxy contains about 100 billion
stars within its disk.
All
stars in the galaxy rotate around a galactic center but not with the same
period. Stars at the center have a shorter period than those farther out. The
Sun is located in the outer part of the galaxy. The speed of the solar system
due to the galactic rotation is about 220 km/s. The disk of stars in the
Milky Way is about 100,000 light years across and the sun is located about
30,000 light years from the galactic center. Based on a distance of 30,000
light years and a speed of 220 km/s, the Sun's orbit around the center of
the Milky Way once every 225 million years. The
period of time is called a cosmic year. The Sun has orbited the galaxy,
more than 20 times during its 5 billion year lifetime. The motions of the
period are studied by measuring the positions of lines in the galaxy spectra.
The
Sun is one of some 300 billion stars that travel around the Milky Way in a near
circular orbit. These stars are closer to the galactic center than the Sun. The
distance from the center of our Galaxy to the Sun is about 26,000 light years
(a light year is about 6 trillion miles), which is approximately halfway
out on one of the Milky Way's curving arms. The Sun and its planets take a
period of 225 million years to revolve around the galactic center. The time it
takes for each orbit is sometimes referred to as a cosmic year or a galactic
year. The Sun has completed about 20 orbits since the solar system was formed.
For each orbit, the Sun traveled 150,000 light years of distance.
The
orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way is influenced by the galaxy's matter,
which does not solely occupy the galactic center. Instead, it is distributed
all over space. Some of the galaxy's mass is inside the sun's orbit and some of
it is outside. The Sun's orbital period is determined by the galaxy's mass
within the orbit of the Sun.
He
also showed that stars farther from the center have a combined gravitational
force of zero. Those stars pull in all different and opposite directions,
canceling out one another. Therefore, the stars closer to the center experience
a gravitational pull towards the center and they move at greater speeds, since
there is more force acting upon them. Conversely, more distant stars have less
force acting upon them and in turn, they travel at lower speeds. In addition,
stars beyond this distance have speeds that stop decreasing and eventually
remain constant.
We
will examine some of these figures given above again by making certain
calculations based on the researches of Bob Alexander and others on periodic
catastrophic events such as the great extinction events that have occurred in
earth’s long history going back to 250 million years ago.
Radio astronomers measure sun's orbit around Milky Way
By PAUL RECER
Associated Press
Using a radio telescope system that measures celestial distances 500 times more accurately than the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers plotted the motion of the Milky Way and found that the sun and its family of planets were orbiting the galaxy at about 135 miles per second.
That means it takes the solar system about 226 million years to orbit the Milky Way and puts the most precise value ever determined on one of the fundamental motions of the Earth and its sun, said James Moran of Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass.
A report on the finding was presented Tuesday at a national meeting of the American Astronomical Society.
"Our new figure of 226 million miles is accurate to within 6 percent," Mark Reid, a Harvard-Smithsonian astronomer and leader of the team that made the measurements, said in a statement.
The sun is one of about 100 billion stars in the Milky Way, one of billions of ordinary galaxies in the universe.
The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, with curving arms of stars pinwheeling out from a center.
The solar system is about halfway out on one of these arms and is about 26,000 light years from the center. A light year is about 6 trillion miles.
Reid and his team made the measurement using the Very Long Baseline
Array, a system of 10 large radio-telescope antennae placed 5,000 miles across
the
Working together as a single unit, the antennae can measure motions in the distant universe with unprecedented accuracy.
The accuracy is such that the VLBA can look at a bit of sky that has an apparent size one ten- thousandth the diameter of a human hair held at arms length.
For their solar system measurement, the astronomers focused on Sagittarius A, a star discovered two decades ago to mark the Milky Way's center. Over a 10-day period, they measured the apparent shift in position of the star against the background of stars far beyond.
The apparent motion of Sagittarius A is very, very small, just one-600,000th of what could be detected with the human eye, the astronomers said.
Reid said the measurement adds supports to the idea that the Milky Way's center contains a supermassive black hole.
"This ... strengthens the idea that this object, much smaller than our own solar system, contains a black hole about 2.6 million times more massive than the sun," Reid said in a statement.
Moran said the new measurement of the solar system orbit adds new accuracy to a fundamental fact of the universe: Everything is moving constantly.
The Earth rotates on its axis at about 1,100 miles an hour, a motion that creates day and night.
The Earth orbits the sun at about 67,000 miles an hour, a motion that takes one year.
The sun circles the Milky Way at a speed of about 486,000 miles per hour. And every object in the universe is moving apart from the other objects as the universe expands at a constantly accelerating rate.
This
press release gives us some more accurate figures to work with.
Mass Extinctions Occur Every 62
Million Years
Let
us now look at another press release from March 10, 2005:
With surprising and mysterious regularity, life on Earth
has flourished and vanished in cycles of mass extinction every 62 million
years, say two UC Berkeley scientists who discovered the pattern after a
painstaking computer study of fossil records going back for more than 500
million years.
Their
findings are certain to generate a renewed burst of speculation among
scientists who study the history and evolution of life. Each period of abundant
life and each mass extinction has itself covered at least a few million years
-- and the trend of biodiversity has been rising steadily ever since the last
mass extinction, when dinosaurs and millions of other life forms went extinct
about 65 million years ago.
The
Berkeley researchers are physicists, not biologists or geologists or
paleontologists, but they have analyzed the most exhaustive compendium of
fossil records that exists -- data that cover the first and last known
appearances of no fewer than 36,380 separate marine genera, including millions
of species that once thrived in the world's seas, later virtually disappeared,
and in many cases returned.
Richard
Muller and his graduate student, Robert Rohde, are publishing a report on their
exhaustive study in the journal Nature today, and in interviews this week, the
two men said they have been working on the surprising evidence for about four
years.
"We've
tried everything we can think of to find an explanation for these weird cycles
of biodiversity and extinction," Muller said, "and so far, we've
failed."
But
the cycles are so clear that the evidence "simply jumps out of the
data," said James Kirchner, a professor of earth and planetary sciences on
the
"Their
discovery is exciting, it's unexpected and it's unexplained," Kirchner
said. And it is certain, he added, to send other scientists in many disciplines
seeking explanations for the strange cycles. "Everyone and his brother
will be proposing an explanation -- and eventually, at least one or two will
turn out to be right while all the others will be wrong."
Muller
and Rohde conceded that they have puzzled through every conceivable phenomenon
in nature in search of an explanation: "We've had to think about solar
system dynamics, about the causes of comet showers, about how the galaxy works,
and how volcanoes work, but nothing explains what we've discovered,"
Muller said.
The
evidence of strange extinction cycles that first drew Rohde's attention emerged
from an elaborate computer database he developed from the largest compendium of
fossil data ever created. It was a 560-page list of marine organisms developed
14 years ago by the late J. John Sepkoski Jr., a famed paleobiologist at the
Sepkoski
himself had suggested that marine life appeared to have its ups and downs in
cycles every 26 million years, but to Rohde and Muller, the longer cycle is
strikingly more evident, although they have also seen the suggestion of even
longer cycles that seem to recur every 140 million years.
Sepkoski's
fossil record of marine life extends back for 540 million years to the time of
the great "Cambrian Explosion," when almost all the ancestral forms
of multicellular life emerged, and Muller and Rohde built on it for their
computer version.
Muller
has long been known as an unconventional and imaginative physicist on the
"I've
given up on Nemesis," Muller said this week, "but then I thought
there might be two stars somewhere out there, but I've given them both up
now."
He
and Rohde have considered many other possible causes for the 62- million-year
cycles, they said.
Perhaps,
they suggested, there's an unknown "Planet X" somewhere far out
beyond the solar system that's disturbing the comets in the distant region
called the Oort Cloud -- where they exist by the millions -- to the point that
they shower the Earth and cause extinctions in regular cycles. Daniel Whitmire
and John Matese of the
Or
perhaps there's some kind of "natural timetable" deep inside the
Earth that triggers cycles of massive volcanism, Rohde has thought. There's
even a bit of evidence: A huge slab of volcanic basalt known as the Deccan
Traps in
The
two scientists proposed more far-out ideas in their report in Nature, but only
to indicate the possibilities they considered.
Muller's
favorite explanation, he said informally, is that the solar system passes
through an exceptionally massive arm of our own spiral Milky Way galaxy every
62 million years, and that that increase in galactic gravity might set off a
hugely destructive comet shower that would drive cycles of mass extinction on
Earth.
Rohde,
however, prefers periodic surges of volcanism on Earth as the least implausible
explanation for the cycles, he said -- although it's only a tentative one, he
conceded.
Said
Muller: "We're getting frustrated and we need help. All I can say is that
we're confident the cycles exist, and I cannot come up with any possible
explanation that won't turn out to be fascinating. There's something going on
in the fossil record, and we just don't know what it is." 1
Periodic Mass Extinctions,
Alexander’s Thesis
Let
us now look at Bob Alexander’s thesis and calculations which I will vary
somewhat to determine the actual length of the Cosmic Year if his sinusoidal
orbit is taken into consideration.
Periodic mass extinctions
appear to have happened at least several times throughout the Earth's history.
In some cases most of the life forms which existed just prior to these
extinctions were completely wiped out.
The K/T boundary, as it is
called, marks the end of the reign of the dinosaurs and is on the order
of 65 Million years old. It is popularly believed that a large asteroid
struck the Earth causing a worldwide change in climate which interrupted the food
chain.
No veggies means no veggie
eating dinosaurs and then no dinosaur eating dinosaurs. The extinction of the
dinosaurs allowed mammals to evolve and if they had not died out we probably
wouldn't be here to talk about it.
More recently discovered
'Smoking Gun' evidence points to another mass extinction which occured
around 251 Million years ago when another large asteroid presumably struck the
earth. And there appears to be even newer evidence that mass extinctions
may happen at the rate of every 62 Million years (+/- 3MY).
|
Period (End of) |
Die out rate |
/ X |
|
|
|
|
|
65 MYA
(Cretaceous) |
85 % |
/1 = 65 MY |
|
208 MYA (Trassic) |
25% over time |
/3 = 69.33 MY |
|
245 MYA (Permian) |
96% |
/4 = 61.25 MY |
|
365 MYA
(Devonian) |
70% over time |
/6 = 60.83 MY |
|
438 MYA (Ordovician) |
50% + some over time |
/7 = 62.57 MY |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average 63.796 MY |
By virtue of the chart above I
believe the average is more like 63.796 MY, but for now let's say that 62 MY
(based on current physical evidence) is the periodic mass extinction average.
251 / 62 = 4.048 (Remember that
number)
Since it is difficult to find a
terrestrial based cause for these extinctions which would repeat on such
regular intervals on such a long time scale, lets say that something happens
every 62 Million (or so) years which puts us in harms way, so to speak.
Well, guess what ?
In it's orbit around the center
of the Milky Way Galaxy, our Solar system may also do this little
sinusoidal motion from the top to the bottom to the top (and so on) of the
Orion arm which we go around in. Now, what if the period of one cycle through
the arm is around 124 Million years ? Within one cycle we would pass
through the middle of the ring (the most dense part) twice and about every
62 million years. Are you with me so far ?.
As we spin around in the arm
our forward motion (~150,000 miles/sec) is continuous, but if we go up and down
also, that rate would change with position due to angular motion. If you want great advice why not try to text a psychic
. There is also
the possibility that we move side to side within the arm, but for the sake of
this discussion let's ignore that for now.
Now, it's bad enough
that we would traverse this much more dense part of the ring, but we would go
through its' center at maximum velocity, much faster (in the up/down axis)
than when we reach the outer edges of the arm where that relative motion (again
up/down) stops altogether so that it can reverse. If we didn't stop (in the
up/down axis), we would just fly off into deep space and it would be bye-bye
Milky Way. But luckily (or not) all of the mass nearer the center of the
arm has gravitational force with acts to pull us back in for yet another cycle.
It may well be that these
huge killer asteroids do not 'hit us' as much as we run
into them. Also, traveling at that much greater rate of speed means
that we have a much better chance of hitting randomly moving objects
because we are 'sweeping' through a larger sectional area of space
per unit of time.
The center of the ring isn't a
hard boundary, it is just more dense than on either side and there is a
density gradient as you move away from the center. So, there is
some latitude for interval timing due to this 'kill zone' principal.
Also, since not everything in the ring rotates at the same speed,
conditions through the next pass may not be the same as the last one, so
hitting something (or not) becomes a bit of a crap shoot. Maybe the Earth
gets lucky occasionally and we shoot through the middle of the ring unscathed.
This would explain gaps in the mass extinction record.
Ok then, remember the 4.048 number I told you to
remember when we started ?
Well, 4.048 is very close to 4... as in 4 complete cycles or 8 centerline
passes in 251M years. The error of margin then is about 375,000 years
per centerline pass or 187,500 years on either side of it. ( 251M/62M=
4.048 intervals 4.048 - 4 = 0.048 (margin for error over
251MY) .048 / 8 = .006 (Margin for error per centerline pass) .006 x 62M
= .375 MY (375,000 Y) per centerline pass or 187,500 Y off either
side of the centerline.)
By the way, if my 'napkin'
calculations are right, and the dinosaurs were wiped out by a big asteroid 65
MY ago we are due for the next one just about... yesterday... minus ~3 MY. In
other words, either we are ~3 Million years over due or just got lucky on this
pass.
Lets look at a few numbers. The
Milky Way Galaxy is about 100,000 Light Years in diameter. Our Solar system is
about 26,000 light years or about 2/3 of the way out from the galactic center
and we revolve at 250 kilometers or about 150,000 miles per second. We make one
revolution every 226 MY which means that we have made about 20 revolutions
since the Earth was formed about 4.5 BY ago. It is estimated that there are
between 200 and 400 BILLION other stars in the Milky Way and that at least some
of those have planets. It is likely from looking at our own Solar system that
at least some of those planets probably have moons. That's a lot of stuff - not
to mention asteroids and comets.
They say that a picture
is worth a thousand words, so below is a graphic below which illustrates my
theory.
It is believed that we are
about 20 Light Years away from the centerline of the Orion arm which is
believed to be 3000 LY thick in our vicinity. That works out to being about .006
or .6% (20/3000) away from the centerline if the cycle was linear, but it
isn't. And we may not be out of the woods... or rocks, as it were, yet.
If the last mass extinction was
65 Million Years ago and the half cycle psyvhiv period is around 62 MY then the .006
figure is fairly predictable (not to mention scary) especially if we are moving
away from the centerline.
One final note though before I
go. If you think there is anything we could do to stop one of these killer
asteroids if one were discovered tommorrow, you have been watching too many
hollywood movies. NO ONE has a plan on how to deal with this (there are plenty
of ideas) especially our government which, more realistically, would probably
spend our last days in typical fashion trying to decide who should pay for such
a project.
Until asteroids or comets are
near a luminous source (like our Sun) they are very dark. Most big telescopes
are funded to do speciific tasks, they don't hunt for these civilization
killers. And, since the number of serious amature astronomers world wide who
look for these objects is probably less than that of the staff at your local
MacDonalds, it is likely that the only notice you will receive (if you are
awake and looking in that direction) will be the thousand foot high wall of
debris (which was formerly your neighborhood) coming at you at about mach three
when one of them strikes the Earth.2
Cosmic Year
Calculations
Since the sine wave curve in Alexander’s orbit is an
ellipse viewed edge-on (this is aside from the to view of the sun’s galactic
orbit which is another ellipse), then in order to calculate the path length in
one period of the sine wave, we need to calculate the length of the perimeter
of an ellipse.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Elliptical" redirects here. For the exercise
machine, see Elliptical trainer.
For other uses, see Ellipse (disambiguation).
The ellipse and some of its mathematical properties.
In mathematics,
an ellipse (from the Greek
for absence) is the locus of points on a plane where the sum of the
distances
from any point on the curve to two fixed points is constant. The two fixed
points are called foci (plural of focus). An alternate definition would be that
an ellipse is the path traced out by a point whose distance from a fixed point,
called focus, maintains a constant ratio less than one with its distance from a
straight line not passing through the focus, called the directrix.
An ellipse
is a type of conic section: if a conical
surface is cut with a plane which does not intersect the cone's base, the
intersection of the cone and plane is an ellipse. For a short elementary proof
of this, see Dandelin spheres.
Algebraically,
an ellipse is a curve
in the Cartesian plane defined by an equation
of the form
such that B2 < 4AC, where all of the coefficients
are real, and where more than one solution, defining a pair of points (x, y) on
the ellipse, exists.
I have found a new estimate for the galactic
radius of the sun's orbit at 26,000 light years from galactic center. This makes the circumference of the orbit
over 162,000 LY. Now, if this was a
simple planar orbit such as our planet's orbit in the plane of the ecliptic,
the time it takes for one orbit would be over 229 million years and I have
found various authoritative sources stating figures from 220 to 250+ million
years.
In it's orbit around
the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, our Solar system may also do this little
sinusoidal motion from the top to the bottom to the top (and so on) of the
Orion arm which we go around in.
Now,
it's bad enough that we would traverse this much more dense part of the ring,
but we would go through its' center at maximum velocity, much faster (in the
up/down axis) than when we reach the outer edges of the arm where that relative
motion (again up/down) stops altogether so that it can reverse. If we didn't
stop (in the up/down axis), we would just fly off into deep space and it would
be bye-bye Milky Way. But luckily (or not) all of the mass nearer the center of
the arm has gravitational force with acts to pull us back in for yet another
cycle.
It
may well be that these huge killer asteroids do not 'hit us' as much as we run
into them. Also, traveling at that much greater rate of speed means that we
have a much better chance of hitting randomly moving objects because we are
'sweeping' through a larger sectional area of space per unit of time.
There
are other possibilities for catastrophic and cataclysmic events due to solar
motion when the solar path intersects what I would call dust and debris fields in
space.
Milky Way Galaxy Bands
of Dust and Gas? (Sun
in Orion Arm)
We
need top consider variations in solar output resulting in climate change, the
rising probability of encounters with comets, asteroids, and dust, and the
possibility of plagues resulting from bacteria and viruses embedded in dust,
comets, and asteroids that could bring us diseases from space as hypothesized
by the late Fred Hoyle in his book, with Chandra Wrickramasinghe, Diseases
From Space. Another periodic
event is the reversal of polarity in the terrestrial magnetic field. We also have speculative periodic events such
as the Mayan calendar forecast for the winter
solstice of 2012 which we will expand on as we revise this essay from time
to time.
Now a complete
sinuosoidal cycle would cross the galactic equator every 62 or 62.5 million
years with a half period of 31 million years.
This is data I obtained from a guy named Bob Alexander who has been
looking into this, but he used slightly different figures that I used to
calculate and admits that the minor axis of this elliptical wave may be less
than the 3,000 LY years he initially calculated with a major axis.
I used a calculator to
determine the length of the perimeter of an ellipse which involves a close
approximation using the semi-major axis and semi-minor axis to determine the
actual path length of the orbit using Bob's figures and thus the time it takes
for 1 circuit around the galaxy.
Within a margin of
error I determined that the entire length of the sinusoidal path would be
180,941.0769 LY (slightly less if the semi-minor axis is shorter). This would result in a Cosmic Year period of
249, 698,580 years instead of 226 million years and if shortened slightly from
errors in estimates to 248 million years we would have the following
calculation:
248MY/62MY = 4
My Calculations where AO = semimajor axis and
CO = semiminor axis
AO = 20357.5 LY CO=1500 LY
AO(sq) = 414427806.3 CO(sq)=225000
SUM = 414652806.3
X ½ = 207326403.1 SQ. RT = 14398.83339
X pi = 45235.26921 X 4 = 180,941.0769 LY (too much e)
Period of Galactic Orbit = 249, 698,580 years
Periodic Extinctions = 248/62 = 4
Here is an interesting
translation of the Mayan Long Count from their cycles of 360 days converted to
our cycles of 365.25 days in terms of years.
Of significance here is the alautun
which is approximately 63,081,429 solar years in length. If this represents the periodic extinction
cycle which occurs 4 times in the Cosmic Year, then the Cosmic Year or Period
of our Galactic Orbit may be 4 alautuns
or 252, 325, 716 years which is 1.0105 x our calculated period above.
|
Cycle |
Composed of |
Total |
Years |
|
kin |
|
1 |
|
|
uinal |
20 kin |
20 |
|
|
tun |
18 uinal |
360 |
0.986 |
|
katun |
20 tun |
7200 |
19.7 |
|
baktun |
20 katun |
144,000 |
394.3 |
|
pictun |
20 baktun |
2,880,000 |
7,885 |
|
calabtun |
20 piktun |
57,600,000 |
157,704 |
|
kinchiltun |
20 calabtun |
1,152,000,000 |
3,154,071 |
|
alautun |
20 kinchiltun |
23,040,000,000 |
63,081,429 |
In
other words, there are 4 critical points in the Cosmic Year that may result in mass
extinction events. I am still
investigating sub-cycles using the Platonic Year, but an interesting thing is
that the solar ecliptic is tilted about 62 degrees from the galactic equator
(87 degrees from the celestial equator) which means the orbital plane of our
solar system is at an angle to the galactic plane that could determine the
slope of our ellipse with a little more calculation which remains to be done.
I
admit this is speculation for now, but it may be that we can improve our
forecasts for the future by studying these cycles.
Bob
said, "It is believed that we are about 20 Light Years away from the
centerline of the Orion arm which is believed to be 3000 LY thick in our
vicinity. That works out to being about .006 or .6% (20/3000) away from the
centerline if the cycle was linear, but it isn't. And we may not be out of the
woods... or rocks, as it were, yet."
Comparing the Mayan Time Cycles to
Precession
At
this point I will include my essay entitled SUN STORM in order to
examine a growing story about the Mayan time cycles.
Astronomers are learning more about our mysterious star we
call the sun. The sun is a huge fusion
reactor that slowly fuses hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei.
Our sun is a medium-sized yellow star that is 93,026,724
miles from the Earth. This distance also
determines a measure of 1 Astronomical Unit.
This distance varies over a year.
The Sun's core can reach 10 to 22.5 million °F. The
surface temperature is approximately 9,900°F (5,500°C). The outer atmosphere of
the Sun (which we can see during a solar eclipse) gets extremely hot again, up
to 1.5 to 2 million degrees. At the center of big sunspots the temperature can
be as low as 7300 °F (4300 K, 4000 °C). The temperature of the Sun is
determined by measuring how much energy (both heat and light) it emits.
The sun has been determined to be about 4.5 billion years
old. The earth and the sun are of the
same age having formed at the same time according to existing theory.
The sun emits electromagnetic radiation and charged
particles. Frequently, the sun will
flare and brighten and an explosive flare will emit the energy equivalent of
millions of 100-megaton Hydrogen bombs.
Stars like the sun are considered to be stable over their
life cycles. The outward pressure of
gases in the solar wind balances the inward force of gravity. Lucky for us.
Novas
From time to time a white dwarf star will accumulate too
much hydrogen gas from a neighbor and this results in a tremendous explosion of
this gas shell that brightens the star in the heavens. This is what we know as a nova. It usually occurs at the final stages of a
star’s life cycle.
Yet, do we know all that we need to know about novas? What happens if a cloud of hydrogen gas of
unusually high density were to engulf our Sun.? Could a mini-nova result in the
expulsion of a shell of gas that would burst like a firestorm through the solar
system? Although it seems unlikely,
studies of ancient history seem to indicate variations in solar output that may
have produced catastrophic changes on earth.
Even today, a variation in solar luminosity is occurring and scientists
report that the slight increase in solar output may be contributing to climate
change and global warming. There is some
evidence that some of the other planets in our system are also experiencing
warmer temperatures and climate change.
These changes could be the result of increasing accumulations of cosmic
dust through which our solar system is passing.
My interest in the sun has recently been stimulated by
reports I have received from a man, Dr. Dan B.C. Burisch, who claims he is a microbiologist
who works for a shadowy arm of the government. He tells me that preparations
are being made for a coming catastrophe in the year 2012 that involves changes
in our sun and its effects on the earth.
This is, of course, related to deciphering the Mayan symbols that seem
to point to the winter solstice of our year 2012.
This is such an immense subject that my research on it
continues in spurts. To summarize the
predictions it can be said that a recurring event may cause the change in our
sun. That event, known as the grand
crossing, is synchronized to the precession of the equinoxes.
Here is a description of that event:
“Is there something significant we should know about
the Winter Solstice date of December 21, 2012? Yes. On this day a rare astronomical
and Mayan mythical event occurs. In astronomic terms, the Sun conjuncts the
intersection of the Milky Way and the plane of the ecliptic. The Milky Way, as
most of us know, extends in a general north-south direction in the night sky.
The plane of the ecliptic is the track the Sun, Moon, planets and stars appear
to travel in the sky, from east to west. It intersects the Milky Way at a 60
degree angle near the constellation Sagittarius.
The cosmic cross
formed by the intersecting Milky Way and plane of the ecliptic was called the
Sacred Tree by the Maya. The trunk of the tree, the psychic readingsAxis Mundi, is the Milky
Way, and the main branch intersecting the tree is the plane of the ecliptic.
Mythically, at sunrise on December 21, 2012, the Sun - our Father - rises to
conjoin the center of the Sacred Tree, the World Tree, the Tree of Life..
The galactic center and the Great Rift contain great clouds of hydrogen gas and dust, the substances out of which stars are formed. These clouds partially block our view of the bright stars that crowd the galactic center.
The great rift of the Milky Way
begins near Deneb and extends SW deep into the southern Milky Way ending near
Alpha Centauri. The dust clouds of the rift are probably 1,000 light-years
distant in Cygnus, and approach us in
The Eagle Aquila is dusted with
dark nebulae, ancient star cities, stellar outbursts and the faint puffs of
exploded stars. Aquila is on the celestial equator and cuts through the great
rift of the Milky Way where it runs NE - SW. Aquila is poor in clusters, rich
in faint planetary nebulae, and loaded with dark nebulae.
This rare astronomical event, foretold in the Mayan
creation story of the Hero Twins, and calculated empirically by them, will
happen for many of us in our lifetime. The Sun has not conjoined the Milky Way
and the plane of the ecliptic since some 25,800 years ago, long before the
Mayans arrived on the scene and long before their predecessors the Olmecs
arrived. What does this mean? “
(from: http://www.crawford2000.co.uk/maya.htm)
Many do not think that anything special will happen,
but others believe that the Mayans recorded significant events and used precise
calendars to forecast the recurrence of periodic cycles marked by special
events.
Why would the intersection of our sun and solar
system with the Milky Way’s equatorial plane constitute a noteworthy event?
“The auspicious year of 2012 indicated in the long count calendar
illuminates the fact that the Precessional movement of the Winter Solstice Sun
will gradually bring its position into alignment with the very center of our
Galaxy. For the Maya, this is like the last stroke of Midnight on New Year’s
Eve; only in 2012 the New Year is the New Galactic Year of 26,000 solar years.
The Galactic Clock will be at zero point and a New Precessional Cycle will
begin.”
(from: http://www.kamakala.com/2012.htm)
Maurice Cotterell has studied the
Mayan, Egyptian, and Incan lost sciences of the sun and has determined that the
sun goes through cycles of magnetic reversals and changes of direction. He believes that the ancient calendars show
how the earth was destroyed 5 times due to the sun’s twisting magnetic
fields.
(from: http://www.mauricecotterell.com/synopsis06.htm)
The last piece of the puzzle that
may explain why the sun will react to this event comes from Dr. Paul LaViolette
in his book, Earth Under Fire.
“In a nutshell, the book is about
LaViolette's dissertation subject, being [about] the effect of periodic galactic
core explosions -- the period being roughly 26,000 years -- which send out
shells of cosmic rays (chiefly in the form of electrons moving at near
light-speed) that are hundreds to thousands of light-years thick (the thickness
being the duration of that particular galactic core explosion).
The effect of this constant blast of cosmic rays -- once the shell
hits our solar system which is 23,000 light-years from the galactic core -- is
to push interstellar dust into the inner solar system (the dust is normally
kept out by the pressure of the solar wind). The result of this dust is very
major, in a number of different ways, including 1) increased flaring of the sun
in the style of T-Tauri stars, 2) a downshift toward the infra-red in terms of
the solar radiation reaching the Earth, and 3) a significant deviation from
normal in terms of the total solar energy reaching the ground.
The last shell passed the Earth roughly 14,000 years ago, marking
the end of the last ice age, and causing all the major physical changes
recorded from that time.”
(from: http://www.etheric.com/LaVioletteBooks/EUF-reviews.html)
Protostars
which are starting to blow away the gas and dust surrounding them are called
T-Tauri stars. The warm dust remaining around T-Tauri stars still radiates in
the infrared. There is evidence that the remaining dust and gas surrounding
T-Tauri stars form rotating disks which may mark the beginnings of planetary
systems.
When we
say that the sun may begin to behave like a T-Tauri star, this does not mean
that the sun transforms into such a star.
The gas and dust accumulation that could occur around the sun may cause
it to behave like a T-Tauri star which could lead to a significant increase in
infrared radiation.
This paper does not explore this
theme in depth, but is meant to point the way to further research. While it is uncertain that minor changes in
the sun will eventually lead to major consequences, and while it uncertain that
interpretation of Mayan prophecy or prediction is correct, the fact is that
evidence exists that earth has gone through periodic catastrophes and
extinction events in its history and that major changes in climatic conditions
have occurred and will reoccur in the future.
Research may reveal to us how the sun has played a role in both
catastrophic and extinction events of the past and how, by further solar
studies, we may predict the sun’s wild weather.
Predictions
Since the last major mass
extinction event took place during the era of the dinosaurs in the later
Jurrasic approximately 65 million years ago, the prediction is that we may be
encountering a major cycle soon. Linda
Howe on Earthfiles.com provided this graph to show the paleohistorical
extinction cycles on earth.
Researchers
studying rocks from
The
latitude in dating these events is such that it indicates that there is a threat
zone that the earth passes through that may have a duration of a few
million years before and after the crossing of the astrological galactic plane by the solar
system. However a minor cycle such as
the precession of the equinoxes and the minor crossing where the celestial
equator, the galactic center and the galactic plane cross may have a shorter
threat zone in terms of years. If these
two cycles conjoin at some point in the near future, it could signal a major
cataclysm that would not only destroy a large percentage of life on earth, but
probably extinquish unprotected psychic civilization as we know it. One thing is for certain. Our orbiting satellites would not have much
chance of survival.
Supplement:
Have we entered the THREAT
ZONE? Read “CLUES” by Jason: www.astrosciences.info/CLUES
Click here for CLUES
COSMIC MYSTERIES
HOME
To be
continued…
References:
2.
http://www.lxrdesign.com/EXTINCT.htm
3.